Adding the right amount of vitamins to the sow diet eliminates the adverse effects of vitamin deficiency. When the sow is in good health, with high feed quality and no stress, a lower level of vitamins can be needed. When the pig density is high or sick, the vitamin needs to be increased to a higher level.
The vitamins added to the sow diet account for only 2-3% of the cost of the mixed feed, but good economic benefits can be obtained. For example, vitamin E, biotin and folic acid are added to the feed, while vitamin C and beta carotene are added, and the amount of other vitamins is unchanged. The results showed that 0.5 piglets per sow per year were produced, and the interval between weaning and estrus was shortened, and the sow elimination rate decreased.
1 before breeding
Tests have shown that vitamins increase litter size by affecting the reproductive cycle. Piglets supplement the optimal dose of vitamin B (vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid) during weaning to increase the growth rate of piglets. At the same time, the experiment also found that 100kg live sows had larger litters per litter and shorter intervals from weaning to estrus. B vitamins are important coenzymes in biochemical reactions such as protein and energy metabolism. For example, biotin can reduce the interval between sows from weaning to estrus by participating in energy metabolism, and can also stimulate the production of estrogen and reduce the rate of non-estrus.
2 ovulation and fertilization
After the sow reaches the developmental stage, the estrus rate can be as high as 20%, and the sow can supplement 7.5 mg of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) every day to reduce the estrus rate. Especially in the tropics, vitamin C supplementation can effectively prevent summer infertility, mainly because vitamin C is involved in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormone, and adrenocortical hormone plays a key role in reducing stress. In addition, biotin supplementation can also increase the fertilization rate of sows, especially for sows that are from weaning to estrus.
In the later stages of pregnancy, the fetus grows very rapidly, so the demand for vitamins is also rapidly increasing. Relying solely on the maternal supply of vitamins is not enough to meet the needs of fetal growth, the lack of vitamins in the fetus will lead to deformity or death. For example, the lack of vitamin A may cause some organs of the fetus to be out of proportion to the growth of other organs. Experiments have shown that if the maternal plasma vitamin A level in the experimental group is 50% lower than the required standard, it will endanger the growth of fetal lungs and liver, and thus have a great impact on piglet health and birth weight.
B vitamins are generally not stored in the mother and fetus, mainly acting on the enzyme system. The fetus obtains vitamins through breast milk, and the amount of vitamins is also related to the vitamin B content in the sow's diet. In the later stages of pregnancy, in order to expand the uterus and accommodate the need for fetal growth, it is also necessary to consider the muscle tension of the uterus. The study found that supplementation with biotin can increase the length of the sow's uterine horn by 20%, which in turn increases the space occupied by the fetus in the uterus, which is of great significance for the growth and survival of the fetus.
3 litter and weaning
Adding vitamin E to the sow diet will not only increase the litter size, but also enhance the anti-stress ability of the piglet. This is because vitamin E is abundant in colostrum and normal milk, and piglets can be transferred to their bodies by breastfeeding. Experiments have shown that if 66 mg/kg of vitamin E is added to the sow diet, the survival rate of piglets from day 7 of birth to breastfeeding increases by about 14% compared with the addition of 16 mg/kg.
During lactation, piglets rely mainly on breast milk for vitamin nutrition. For example, vitamin D3, folic acid and vitamin B12 were added to the sow diet and the vitamin content in the piglets was found to increase. A 2002 study reported that vitamin B12 is important for methionine metabolism in pigs.
A 2001 study showed that breast milk is the only source of vitamin C for piglets before the age of one week. During pregnancy and lactation, the addition of vitamin C to sows reduces the mortality of piglets before weaning. Crystalline vitamin C is easily oxidized when exposed to the air or in contact with minerals. Although it has a high intake of vitamin C, its digestion and absorption rate is not high, which may lead to deficiency of vitamin C. Therefore, a stable form of vitamin C (such as phosphate) is generally used to accurately control and calculate the intake.
Piglets have higher levels of vitamins C and E in their blood, which is mainly obtained through breast milk. These two vitamins reduce the stress caused by weaning. Experiments have shown that adding 88 mg/kg of vitamin E to the sow diet is more effective than adding 22 mg/kg, which improves the immune performance of breast milk and 21-day-old piglets. This further proves that the sows are supplemented with sufficient vitamins before weaning. Will have additional protection for piglets. Similarly, vitamin supplementation in piglet diets has the same effect after weaning.
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