In order to achieve high-yield harvests quickly, some farmers tend to apply excessive amounts of fertilizer without proper consideration. This practice often leads to crop damage rather than improvement. Based on observations from various regions, there are several common issues caused by improper fertilization.
One major problem is over-fertilization, which results in excessively high salt concentrations in the soil. Vegetables, in particular, have higher nutrient demands compared to field crops like grains, cotton, or oilseeds, but their tolerance has limits. Applying too much fertilizer can cause a condition known as "physiological drought," where the roots cannot absorb water properly due to high salt levels. This leads to leaf burn, stunted growth, and even plant death.
Another issue occurs in greenhouse environments, where gas poisoning is more common. When farmers use improperly decomposed organic or bio-organic fertilizers, they may release toxic gases such as ammonia. If the concentration of ammonia in the greenhouse exceeds 5%, it can severely damage vegetable leaves, causing them to wilt and turn brown, while the roots may become blackened and rot.
Some farmers mistakenly believe that applying fertilizer close to the roots will speed up nutrient absorption. As a result, they dig trenches or bury the fertilizer near the root zone, which can damage the most active parts of the root system. This disrupts the plant’s ability to take up nutrients and water, leading to poor growth and potential root rot.
Improper fertilizer ratios can also cause problems. When one nutrient is applied in excess, it may interfere with the uptake of another, a phenomenon known as nutrient antagonism. This imbalance can reduce overall plant health and yield.
To prevent these issues, farmers should adopt scientific fertilization techniques. Soil testing is essential to determine the exact nutrient needs of the crops. Based on the test results, balanced fertilization can be applied—adding nitrogen where it's lacking, phosphorus or potassium where needed, and avoiding over-application.
In addition, incorporating organic fertilizers helps improve soil structure and fertility. Organic matter enhances the soil’s ability to retain water, regulate temperature, and support beneficial microorganisms. It also increases long-term productivity.
Using slow-release fertilizers is another effective strategy. These fertilizers gradually release nutrients over time, reducing the risk of burning plants and ensuring a steady supply of nutrients throughout the growing season.
Finally, fertilization should be done in stages according to the crop’s growth cycle. Instead of applying all the fertilizer at once, farmers should provide nutrients as needed during different developmental phases. This approach maximizes efficiency and minimizes waste.
By following these practices, farmers can ensure healthier crops, better yields, and more sustainable agricultural production.
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