Why is there a negative effect on crop fertilization?

In order to achieve high-yield harvests quickly, some farmers tend to over-apply fertilizers without proper consideration. This practice often leads to negative consequences, such as crop damage or even total loss. Based on the observed cases of crop injury in various regions, there are several common issues that arise from improper fertilizer use. One major problem is excessive fertilizer concentration. Vegetables, for instance, require more nutrients than field crops like grains, cotton, or oilseeds, but there's a limit to how much they can absorb. If fertilizers are applied blindly, the salt concentration in the soil solution can become too high, leading to reverse osmosis in plant cells. This condition causes "physiological drought," resulting in leaf burns or stunted growth. Another issue occurs in greenhouse environments, where gas toxicity is more common. When insufficiently decomposed organic or bio-organic fertilizers are used, they can release harmful gases like ammonia during the decomposition process. If ammonia levels exceed 5% inside the greenhouse, it can severely damage vegetable leaves, causing them to wilt and turn yellow. The roots may also become brown or black, further harming the plants. Some farmers mistakenly believe that applying fertilizer close to the root zone will speed up nutrient absorption. As a result, they dig trenches or bury the fertilizer near the roots, which can damage the most active root areas. This disrupts the plant’s ability to take up water and nutrients effectively. Improper fertilizer ratios can also cause problems. When one nutrient is applied in excess, it may interfere with the uptake of another, a phenomenon known as nutrient antagonism. This imbalance can hinder plant growth and reduce overall yield. To prevent these issues, it is essential to adopt proper fertilization techniques. Soil testing is a crucial step, as different soils have varying nutrient levels. By analyzing the soil composition, farmers can apply the right amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to meet the specific needs of their crops. In addition, incorporating organic fertilizers helps improve soil fertility by enhancing its water retention, temperature regulation, and aeration. Organic matter is fundamental in building long-term soil health. Using slow-release fertilizers is another effective strategy. These fertilizers gradually release nutrients over time, reducing the risk of burn and ensuring a steady supply to the plants. They are especially useful in areas with high leaching potential. Lastly, fertilization should be done in stages according to the crop's growth cycle. Rather than applying all the nutrients at once, it's better to provide them in smaller amounts as needed throughout the growing season. This approach maximizes nutrient uptake and minimizes waste. By following these scientific practices, farmers can ensure healthier crops, higher yields, and more sustainable agricultural production. **Agricultural Science and Technology Newspaper**

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