    First, timely pruning  Pruning is a crucial step in managing plant growth and maximizing yield. The main purpose of topping is to control the upward growth of plants, which helps reduce excessive nutrient consumption and encourages more fruit production. Studies have shown that proper pruning of peppers can significantly boost their yield. The process involves cutting off 8 branches growing above the 4 main branches near the base after the first harvest. At the same time, it's important to maintain good water and fertilizer management. This not only reduces unnecessary nutrient use but also ensures that the 4 main branches grow strong and well-ventilated, minimizing flower and fruit drop, and ultimately increasing pepper yield. Cucumbers should be topped when they have 25 leaves to encourage the formation of the main fruit, otherwise, nutrients may not be distributed properly. For tomatoes, pruning should occur after the fourth flower and fruit set, leaving two leaves on the cluster to prevent early aging of the lower parts of the plant. Avoid removing the heart when the fourth inflorescence is just blooming.
     Second, remove the old leaves  Removing old, dead, or diseased leaves from the lower part of the plant is essential for maintaining healthy growth. This practice prevents the field from becoming too dense, reduces nutrient waste, and helps control the spread of diseases. It also improves air circulation and light penetration, which are vital for the plant's overall health and productivity.
     Third, timely topdressing  Topdressing is an essential technique to provide plants with adequate nutrients for sustained growth. It helps prevent premature aging and supports the development of high-quality fruits. The best time to apply topdressing is after harvesting, usually combined with irrigation. Applying decomposed manure or fertilizers like DAP (Diammonium Phosphate) and urea is effective. For cucumbers and eggplants, apply 10 kg of DAP per acre. For peppers, using about 12 kg of DAP per acre is recommended. However, avoid digging pits to prevent root damage. Water-soluble fertilizers are preferable for better absorption and less harm to the plant roots.
     Fourth, irrigation and cooling  During hot summer months, regular irrigation based on weather and soil conditions is necessary. Water should be applied carefully to avoid damaging the roots. After heavy rains, drainage systems must be checked to prevent waterlogging, ensuring the seedlings grow normally and remain healthy.
     Fifth, disease prevention and control  Early prevention and control of pests such as aphids is critical for fruit and vegetable crops. Spraying the leaves with 20% pyrethroid emulsion diluted 800–1000 times is effective. For cucumber powdery mildew, use 50% thiophanate at 800–1000 times or 25% powder rust WP at 1200 times. For downy mildew in cucumbers, 40% ethyl phosphorus aluminum diluted 300–400 times or 25% toxic mildew at 1000 times is recommended. Tomato gray mold can be controlled by spraying 75% chlorothalonil at 600–800 times or 50% thiophanate at 500 times. Eggplant blight can be managed with 75% chlorothalonil at 700 times or 50% chlorhexidine at 500 times. Apply these treatments every 7–10 days for 3–4 times, ensuring even coverage on both leaves and fruits to effectively manage the disease.
     Sixth, early harvest  Harvesting fruits and vegetables early helps reduce nutrient consumption and prevents the plants from aging prematurely. Early harvesting also promotes continuous fruiting and increases overall yield. (Zhang Xiuling)
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