Nutritional metabolic diseases refer to a group of conditions caused by imbalances in nutrition and metabolism. These diseases can arise from either an insufficient supply of essential nutrients or an overabundance that disrupts normal absorption and utilization. Alternatively, they may result from internal metabolic disturbances, leading to dysfunction in the body's internal environment.
The causes of these diseases are typically categorized into three main types: inadequate nutrient intake due to poor diet, impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients, and excessive demand for nutrient conversion. This article primarily focuses on the first cause—insufficient nutrient intake—and explores how the particle size of key feed ingredients like corn and soybean meal affects animal health.
Feed processing plays a crucial role in animal nutrition. High-quality feed requires not only a scientifically balanced formula but also proper processing techniques. The particle size of the feed has a significant impact on its nutritional value, feeding efficiency, market competitiveness, and even the prevention of metabolic disorders.
A survey conducted in Qidong and Haimen cities in Jiangsu Province revealed that many farms used feed with excessively large particle sizes. For instance, breeder and layer hen feeds had an average grain size of 3.5 mm, with some reaching up to 5.2 mm. Broiler feed averaged 3.1 mm, while pig feed was as coarse as 1.3 mm—far beyond the ideal range. These conditions are widespread and negatively affect animal performance, often leading to nutritional metabolic diseases.
In some broiler farms, the use of large corn particles led to uneven feather growth, weak legs, and soft tendons in chickens. This was attributed to improper feeding behavior, inefficient digestion, and loss of nutrients. A farm in Yonghe Town solved this issue by adjusting the crushing size of the feed, which significantly improved the condition of the birds.
The optimal particle size of feed is defined as the size that maximizes nutrient utilization, enhances production performance, and ensures animal health without economic losses. Proper particle size improves digestion, reduces nutrient loss, minimizes waste, and supports better feed quality and storage.
Based on domestic and international research, recommended particle sizes vary depending on the animal type:
- **Piglets**: Crushed feed should be between 0.6–1.0 mm, ideally not exceeding 1.5 mm.
- **Growing pigs**: A particle size of 500–600 microns is ideal, with a maximum of 1,000 microns.
- **Sows**: A particle size of 500–600 microns is recommended.
- **Broilers**: Particle size should be 0.8–1.1 mm.
- **Laying hens**: Early stages require 0.7–0.8 mm, middle stage 1.0–1.5 mm, and laying period 1.5–2.0 mm.
These guidelines highlight the importance of tailoring feed processing to the specific needs of different livestock, ensuring optimal health, productivity, and sustainability in animal farming.
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