Waterproof Mortar
Waterproof mortar is a type of construction material designed to prevent water penetration. It's commonly referred to as a rigid waterproof layer and is ideal for use on concrete or masonry surfaces that are stable and not subject to significant movement. However, it’s not recommended for structures that experience large deformations or uneven settlement.
There are four main types of waterproof mortar based on their composition: multi-layer plastering mortar, water-repellent mortar, expansion cement waterproof mortar, and polymer-modified waterproof mortar. Each type has its own unique properties and application scenarios.
Common water-repellent agents include chloride metal salts, water glass, and metal soap compounds. The effectiveness of the waterproof layer largely depends on the quality of the construction process. Therefore, strict control over raw material quality and mix ratios is essential. Typically, the waterproof layer is applied in 4–5 layers, each about 5 mm thick. Each layer must be compacted before it sets, and the final layer should be smoothed with a trowel. After application, proper curing is necessary to avoid excessive drying and cracking. In summary, achieving an effective waterproof system requires careful execution and high-quality workmanship.
2. Insulation Mortar
Insulation mortar, also known as thermal insulation mortar, is composed of cement, lime, or gypsum binders combined with lightweight aggregates such as expanded perlite, vermiculite, or ceramic particles. This type of mortar is lightweight, provides good thermal insulation, and offers sound absorption benefits. Its thermal conductivity ranges from 0.07 to 0.10 W/(m·K), making it suitable for roof insulation, wall insulation, and pipe insulation.
Common types include cement-based expanded perlite mortar, cement-based expanded vermiculite mortar, and cement-lime-based expanded vermiculite mortar. With increasing focus on energy efficiency, new materials like EPS (expanded polystyrene) particle insulation mortar have become popular. This material uses a layered application method and can reach a maximum thickness of 100 mm. It offers excellent insulation, fire resistance, and durability.
3. Sound-Absorbing Mortar
Sound-absorbing mortar typically contains lightweight porous aggregates that help reduce noise. It can also be made using a mixture of cement, gypsum, sand, and sawdust in a ratio of 1:1:3:5, or by incorporating soft fibers like glass wool or mineral wool into lime or gypsum-based mortars. These materials are often used for interior walls and ceilings to improve acoustics.
4. Acid-Resistant Mortar
Acid-resistant mortar is created using water glass (sodium silicate) and sodium fluorosilicate, sometimes mixed with fine powders like quartz or granite. Once hardened, water glass exhibits strong acid resistance. This type of mortar is commonly used for lining acid-resistant walls, floors, and containers.
5. Decorative Mortar
Decorative mortar is applied directly to building surfaces to enhance aesthetic appeal. It combines traditional plastering techniques with color and texture. The base and middle layers are similar to regular plaster, while the top layer uses colored cement, aggregates, and special finishing methods to create various patterns, lines, and decorative effects.
Common cement types include ordinary, slag, volcanic ash, white, and colored cement. Pigments are often added to create different hues. Aggregates may consist of marble, granite, glass, or ceramic granules. This type of mortar is widely used for both interior and exterior finishes.
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